INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC INDICATORS OF WINTER RAPE HYBRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE
Abstract
Purpose – to analyze the results of research on the development and improvement of elements of the technology for growing winter rapeseed in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and to determine the optimal parameters of the photosynthetic indicators of the crop. Methods – field, mathematical-statistical, computational-comparative. Field experiments with sowing dates of winter rapeseed hybrids were conducted in the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 growing years in Ternopil region, village of Tsytsory, Zboriv district 49°35'50.9"N 25°15'39.4"E. Results. It was established that the maximum height of winter rapeseed plants was observed at a density of 700 thousand plants/ha. This trend is characteristic of all sowing dates and hybrids. Thus, on average over the years of research, the height of plants in the flowering phase at a density of 700 thousand plants/ha was 170.7 cm, at a density of 540 thousand plants/ha – 167.8 cm, at a density of 350 thousand plants/ha – 163.1 cm. The highest plant height is provided by early sowing dates (August 20–26), the DK Imminent hybrid and an increased seeding rate (700 thousand seeds/ha). The highest plant height indicators were established for sowing on 20.08 (average value – 167.3 cm), for sowing on 26.08 the plant height was 169.3 cm, for sowing on 02.09 the height was 168.8 cm. It was established that on average over the years of research, hybrids in the flowering phase (ВВСН 61–70) form the largest leaf surface, which is in the range from 35.12 to 44.13 thousand m2/ha. During flowering, the leaf area reaches a maximum and after that the process of dying and drying begins. The genotype of the hybrid affected the leaf surface area. The largest leaf area of the plants was 40.39 thousand m2/ha in the Tempo hybrid, and the smallest was in the DK Imminent hybrid and was equal to 37.56 thousand m2/ha. The research has established that the highest indicators of the photosynthetic potential of winter rapeseed plants were shown by the Tempo hybrid – 2.564 million m²* day/ha, the minimum indicators were shown by the DK Imminent hybrid – 2.353 million m²* day/ha. The Arkansas hybrid showed average values – 2.427 million m²* day/ha. The research results show that the lowest photosynthetic potential was formed by plants sown on 09.09 – 2.319–2.350 million m²* day/ha. The maximum indicators were recorded for sowing on 20.08 – 2.487–2.502 million m²* day/ha. The research results showed that early sowing contributes to the formation of a more powerful assimilation apparatus and a longer period of its functioning. The influence of the seeding rate was less unambiguous than in the previous indicators. The most optimal rate was 540 thousand plants/ha – 2.494 million m²* days/ha (maximum), which provides maximum FP. At a density of 350 thousand plants/ha, the indicators were somewhat lower (2.445 million m²* days/ha), and at a density of 700 thousand plants/ha, a decrease in FP is often observed due to crop thickening (2.403 million m²* days/ha). The highest photosynthetic potential is formed during early sowing (August 20–26), when using the Tempo hybrid and a seeding rate of 540 thousand similar seeds/ha. Crop thickening (700 thousand similar seeds/ha) or late sowing reduce the efficiency of plant photosynthetic activity. Conclusions. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that the maximum height of winter rapeseed hybrids was observed at a density of 700 thousand plants/ha. This trend is characteristic of all sowing dates and hybrids. Regarding the influence of sowing dates, the trend is clearly observed: the earlier the sowing date, the higher the plant. The highest plant height is provided by early sowing dates (August 20–26), the hybrid DK Imminent and the increased seeding rate (700 thousand seeds/ha). The genotype of the hybrid affected the leaf surface area. The largest leaf area of the plants was 40.39 thousand m2/ha in the Tempo hybrid. All hybrids are characterized by an increase in yield with an increase in the leaf surface area of the crop to a certain level, after which its decrease is observed. This indicates the existence of an optimal leaf surface area, under which the most favorable conditions for the photosynthetic activity of plants and, accordingly, maximum productivity are formed. During the sowing on August 20, the highest level of photosynthetic potential was observed – 2.495 million m²* day/ha on average for hybrids. The highest photosynthetic potential indicator was shown by the Tempo hybrid – 2.564 million m²* day/ha. The maximum indicators were recorded during the sowing on August 20 – 2.487–2.502 million m²* day/ha. The results of the study showed that early sowing contributes to the formation of a more powerful assimilation apparatus and a longer period of its functioning. Increasing photosynthetic potential is an important factor in increasing yield regardless of the variety.
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